Translational Challenges of Rat Models of Upper Extremity Dysfunction After Spinal Cord Injury

Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, 2018 · DOI: 10.1310/sci2403-195 · Published: July 1, 2018

Spinal Cord Injury Research Methodology & Design

Simple Explanation

This review discusses experimental models of forelimb dysfunction used in SCI research with special emphasis on the rat model of SCI. The review also covers the challenges of translating animal models of forelimb dysfunction to the clinical SCI human population. The anatomical location and types of experimental cervical lesions, functional assessments, and rehabilitation strategies used in the basic science laboratory are reviewed.

Study Duration

Not specified

Participants

Rat models of SCI

Evidence Level

Review

Key Findings

1
The anatomical level of the spinal cord lesion is one of the many factors that contribute to functional recovery.
2
Rodents are the most frequently used animals in experimental SCI, likely for availability, relative ease of care, and financial and ethical reasons.
3
The locations of motor and sensory white matter tracts are similar in rats and humans.

Research Summary

This review provides an overview of experimental models of forelimb dysfunction used in SCI research with special emphasis on the rat model of SCI. Finally, we discuss the challenges of translating animal models of forelimb dysfunction to the clinical SCI human population. The differences among species anatomy, lesion models, and goals of functional assessment, to name a few, pose a set of unique and challenging situations that are not clear cut and easy to solve.

Practical Implications

Improved Translation

Addressing methodological inconsistencies and unavoidable differences between human and experimental SCI will generate more effective, translatable therapies.

Refined Assessment

Development of functional assessments of similar behaviors like the reach-to-grasp movement across species may increase the likelihood of successful translation of therapeutic strategies.

Standardized Protocols

Standard protocols are needed to indicate the optimal training paradigms to achieve robust gains in function after experimental SCI.

Study Limitations

1
Homogeneity of injury type, lesion severity, and location in animal studies compared to the heterogeneity of human SCI.
2
Difficulties in preventing compensatory movements in animal models, especially with unilateral cervical SCIs.
3
Differences in the goals of basic scientists (answering specific questions) and clinicians (restoring independence in ADLs).

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