Large Animal Model for Development of Functional Restoration Paradigms Using Epidural and Intraspinal Stimulation

PLoS ONE, 2013 · DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081443 · Published: December 5, 2013

Spinal Cord Injury Neurology Research Methodology & Design

Simple Explanation

This paper introduces a large animal model, specifically using pigs, for the development and testing of spinal stimulation techniques aimed at restoring motor function after spinal cord injury. The porcine model closely resembles human spinal cord neuroanatomy, making it a cost-effective alternative to primate models for research in intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) technology. The presented protocol details a standardized surgical model and spinal stimulation procedure, facilitating the development and assessment of new therapeutic interventions for spinal cord injury.

Study Duration

Not specified

Participants

Six female domestic adult pigs

Evidence Level

Not specified

Key Findings

1
Epidural and intraspinal stimulation in the porcine model successfully evoked selective extension, flexion, adduction, and abduction of the knee and hip joints.
2
Intraspinal stimulation required five times lower current amplitudes compared to epidural stimulation to evoke limb movement.
3
The location of spinal motor neurons controlling distal and proximal portions of the hind limb, as well as extensor and flexor neurons, were mapped within the porcine spinal cord.

Research Summary

The study introduces a porcine model for developing and evaluating spinal stimulation techniques to restore motor function after spinal cord injury, addressing limitations of small animal models. The model allows standardized surgical and experimental protocols, facilitating the optimization of targeting strategies and characterization of spinal circuits for selective activation of motor neuron pools. Results from epidural and intraspinal stimulation demonstrate the model's utility in evoking selective limb movements and mapping motor neuron locations, with intraspinal stimulation requiring lower current amplitudes.

Practical Implications

Therapeutic Development

The porcine model facilitates the development and optimization of novel neural interfaces for chronic spinal cord stimulation.

Targeting Strategies

The model enables comprehensive three-dimensional topographical mapping of lumbar spinal cord neurons, enhancing the selectivity and control of motor function.

Clinical Translation

The standardized surgical procedure and evaluation protocols can expedite the translation of spinal stimulation therapies from research to clinical application, potentially restoring independence and quality of life for individuals with SCI.

Study Limitations

1
The described model is an acute model of spinal cord injury, lacking the assessment of long-term feasibility.
2
Stimulation spillover can activate antagonist motor pools, limiting precise and accurate stimulation of target neurons.
3
The efficacy of microwire electrodes tends to diminish over time due to tissue reactions in vivo.

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