Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Therapeutic Signaling in Spinal Cord Injury

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for spinal cord injury (SCI). These nanosized vesicles possess unique properties such as low immunogenicity and the ability to cross biological barriers, making them ideal carriers for delivering bioactive molecules to injured tissues. Recent studies have delved into the molecular mechanisms underlying MSC-EV-mediated therapeutic effects. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as key regulators of various cellular processes involved in SCI pathogenesis and repair. These miRNAs can influence inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by modulating gene expression. This review summarized the current state of MSC-EV-based therapies for SCI, highlighting the underlying mechanisms and potential clinical applications. We discussed the challenges and limitations of translating these therapies into clinical practice, such as inconsistent EV production, complex cargo composition, and the need for targeted delivery strategies.

• 1
  MSC-EVs have been demonstrated to exert multiple beneficial effects in SCI, including reducing inflammation, promoting neuroprotection, and enhancing axonal regeneration.
• 2
  Exosomal miRNAs exert a significant influence on neuronal function, regeneration, and survival following SCI. Understanding the complex interplay between miRNAs and exosomes provides crucial insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies to improve functional outcomes in patients with SCI.
• 3
  EVs derived from diverse cellular sources exhibit potent regenerative properties, influencing key cellular processes, including immune modulation, angiogenesis, and the regulation of crucial signaling pathways. These findings underscored the significant therapeutic potential of EVs for SCI.