Regulatory mechanisms of tetramethylpyrazine on central nervous system diseases: A review

Central nervous system (CNS) disorders impact brain and spinal cord function, leading to various impairments. Effective treatments are limited due to the complexity of these diseases and the blood-brain barrier. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), derived from a Chinese herb, has shown promise in treating CNS diseases by protecting against calcium overload, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This review summarizes TMP's effects on conditions like stroke, spinal cord injury, Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cognitive impairment, migraine, and depression, offering insights for new treatments.

• 1
  TMP exhibits neuroprotective effects against ischemic cerebrovascular diseases by inhibiting calcium overload, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, while also protecting the blood-brain barrier and enhancing synaptic plasticity.
• 2
  In spinal cord injury models, TMP reduces inflammation and apoptosis, promoting nerve repair by modulating the spinal cord microenvironment and regulating key signaling pathways and microRNAs.
• 3
  TMP shows potential in treating Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease by protecting dopaminergic neurons, reducing Aβ deposition, inhibiting GSK-3β, and modulating inflammatory responses in the brain.