Biomimetic “Trojan Horse” Fibers Modulate Innate Immunity Cascades for Nerve Regeneration

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to a sustained inflammatory cascade, hindering nerve regeneration. This study explores using neutrophil membrane vesicles (NMVs) to modulate the inflammatory response and promote recovery. The researchers constructed a "Trojan horse" composite fiber scaffold, encapsulating NMVs and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to control inflammation and support nerve regeneration. In vivo experiments confirmed that the NMV-coated fiber scaffolds regulated early inflammation and continuously promoted nerve regeneration, offering a promising strategy for SCI treatment.

• 1
  NMVs exhibit an "efferocytosis-like" effect, being endocytosed by macrophages and reprogramming them to a pro-regenerative phenotype by influencing glutamine metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation.
• 2
  The "Trojan horse" fiber scaffold, coated with NMVs and loaded with BDNF, effectively modulated the inflammatory microenvironment and promoted nerve regeneration in vivo.
• 3
  In vivo experiments demonstrated that NMV-coated scaffolds inhibited neutrophil recruitment and facilitated macrophage phenotype switching, reducing inflammation and promoting nerve regeneration.