Bioactive peptides and proteins for tissue repair: microenvironment modulation, rational delivery, and clinical potential

Bioactive peptides and proteins (BAPPs) show promise for fixing damaged tissues because they can do many things, are very specific, and work well with the body. However, they break down quickly and are easily ruined by enzymes, which makes them less effective. This article looks at how BAPPs change the environment around tissues to help them heal and how to deliver them in the best way to make them work better. The review also discusses using different materials like scaffolds, hydrogels, and nanoparticles to carry BAPPs to the damaged tissues. These materials can be modified to load more BAPPs and release them in a controlled way, depending on the specific needs of the tissue being repaired. The release of BAPPs can be triggered by things already in the body or by external signals like ultrasound and light. Finally, the review goes over how BAPPs can help repair different types of tissues, like bone, cartilage, skin, the heart, and the nervous system. It also talks about the challenges and possibilities of using BAPPs in medicine.

• 1
  BAPPs modulate the tissue microenvironment by influencing reactive oxygen species (ROS), blood and lymphatic vessels, immune cells, and repair cells, creating a customizable approach to tissue regeneration at specific anatomical sites.
• 2
  Various delivery platforms, including scaffolds, hydrogels, electrospun fibers, and nanoparticles, are used to incorporate BAPPs, protecting them from enzymatic breakdown and allowing for controlled release kinetics.
• 3
  The release of BAPPs can be precisely regulated by endogenous stimuli (glucose, ROS, enzymes, pH) or exogenous stimuli (ultrasound, heat, light, magnetic field, and electric field), achieving targeted administration tailored for specific tissue repair needs.