Proregenerative Properties of ECM Molecules

After injuries to the nervous system, axons face a complex environment where regeneration is both promoted and inhibited. This review focuses on extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules that encourage axon growth. The ECM affects cell adhesion, differentiation, survival, growth, and migration. Injured neurons need to make changes at the cellular level to regenerate, and the ECM influences these processes. Peripheral nerve injuries heal better than central nervous system injuries, but still cause impairment. Tissue engineering strategies could use knowledge of axonal regeneration to develop artificial nerve grafts.

• 1
  Laminins promote axonal growth in both the developing and adult nervous systems, particularly in areas where regeneration occurs.
• 2
  Fibronectin supports growth from embryonic retinal ganglion cells and other types of neurons, with different isoforms produced after peripheral nerve injury having varying potentials for growth.
• 3
  Osteopontin is upregulated after various types of brain injury and appears to support the growth of retinal ganglion cells and hippocampal neurons, potentially acting as a neuroprotective agent.