New Insights into the Role of Neuron-Specific Enolase in Neuro-Inflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Neuroprotection

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is an enzyme found in nerve and neuroendocrine cells that can both promote inflammation and protect nerve cells in conditions like spinal cord injury. High levels of NSE can worsen nerve damage by degrading the matrix around cells, increasing inflammation, and changing cell structure, potentially leading to cell death. However, NSE can also aid in nerve repair. NSE influences neuronal survival, differentiation, and regeneration through activation of certain signaling pathways, and its activity can be regulated by enzymes like cathepsin X, influencing whether it promotes nerve damage or repair.

• 1
  NSE can act as a biomarker for neuronal stress and has prognostic potential for neurological disorders.
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  The expression and activity of NSE are often increased in neuronal and glial activation and injury, which are major factors involved in neurodegenerative diseases.
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  NSE plays dual roles in neurodegeneration and neuroprotection, influencing microglial activation and the balance between inflammatory and neurotrophic effects.