Engineering strategies and optimized delivery of exosomes for theranostic application in nerve tissue

Exosomes, tiny vesicles secreted by cells, have emerged as promising tools for tissue repair due to their unique properties and ability to deliver therapeutic molecules to recipient cells. Engineering exosomes, by manipulating parental cells or directly functionalizing exosomes, enhances their regenerative repair capabilities, reduces inflammation, and maintains physiological balance. Combining engineered exosomes with biomaterials has shown potential in restoring neurological function in peripheral nerve, spinal cord, and brain injuries.

• 1
  Engineering exosomes through pretreatment of progenitor cells can regulate their contents and enhance their bioactivity, leading to improved therapeutic outcomes in nerve regeneration.
• 2
  Direct functionalization of exosomes with specific engineering tools, such as fluorescent probes and siRNA, enables in vivo imaging and gene therapy for nervous system disorders.
• 3
  Optimized delivery routes, including intravascular injection, hydrogels, nerve conduits, and 3D printed scaffolds, are crucial for achieving safe, targeted, and sustained therapeutic effects of exosomes in nerve injuries.